Measuring Motion Transformations in the Aether

By RE CASTEL

Maxwell's electromagnetic-wave theory established that c=l¦.  This indicates the invariable velocity c despite variations in the wavelength l and the frequency¦.  Maxwell's theory suggests that em-waves, which occur in the aether that is assumed at rest in absolute space, are autonomous or independent of the motion of their source—which implies that the absolute motion relative to the aether is measurable.  The Michelson-Morley experiment tried to measure the absolute motion.  But no such motion was found.  So, Einstein concluded that the aether does not exist—which is fundamental in his theory.  But—Was the Michelson-Morley experiment 'appropriate' for the needed measurement?  Herein the Michelson-Morley experiment is scrutinized and shown 'inappropriate' in view of Maxwell's em-wave theory and Planck's quantum theory.  The conclusion here refutes the foundation of space-time relativity and advances the idea of the transformations of motions instead of the arbitrary transformations of space and time.

Einstein presented his theory of relativity with (1) the postulate that motion is arbitrarily relative so that there are no preferential frames of reference and (2) the postulate that the velocity of light is the same for all observers.  Thus, he advanced the idea of the arbitrary transformations of space and time relative to the invariant velocity of light—instead of the transformations of the phenomenon occurring in the aether relative to absolute space and time.  These are founded on the assumption that the aether does not exist as allegedly established by the Michelson-Morley experiment.  But a flaw in the Michelson-Morley experiment refutes the said assumption.

Assuming that the reader is familiar with the Michelson-Morley experiment, the flaw can be revealed by an analogous experiment on a spaceship wherein two observers try to measure their velocity relative to the aether.  With no other way of measuring their velocity, the observers conduct measurements of timed flashes of light emitted from the center of the spaceship to determine their velocity relative to the aether.  Given the distance x from the center to either end of the spaceship, the observers measure the to-and-fro velocity of the light waves that move from the center to each end and back.  Each find [(c-v)+(c+v)]t=2x, so that, with -v and +v canceling out, each have 2ct=2x, and thus c=x/t.  And then they go to opposite ends of the spaceship to conduct new measurements using synchronized clocks, expecting the (c-v) and (c+v) velocity-additions.  But they both measure c=x/t although one is rushing towards the light waves and the other is rushing away.  They could conclude that there is no aether.  But they are not satisfied.

So, they reassess the experiment and its premise.  Space and time are absolutes; the aether is the space-occupying medium of motion in which the motions define all phenomena; the em-waves are left behind in the aether because of the autonomy of the em-waves and the spaceship's motion; thus, velocity-additions to the velocity c should indicate the spaceship's velocity v relative to the em-waves and the aether.  But the velocity c remains the same.  There is no velocity v shown.  It is therefore conceivable that the velocity v is masked by transformations affecting the phenomena of nature.

Transformations affecting the wavelength and the frequency are in fact obvious by Maxwell's c=l¦ and Planck's E=h¦.  Noting these formulations and assuming the velocity-additions, the velocity v may be measured via the frequency shifts in the light observed at each end of the spaceship.  With a calibrated original frequency (that of the light reflected back to the emitter since any shift will have been nullified with -v and +v canceling), the velocity v may be computed as follows.  Let E_o be the original energy with the frequency ¦ and E the final energy with the frequency F.  We thus know the change in energy DE=hF-h¦.  Computing for the velocity v, we use the relativistic tensor formula E=E_o(1‑v²/c²)^‑1, which is from the formula E=mc².  Thus, E=E_o+E_ov²/c², so that DE=E_ov²/c², and such that we have the tensor translation v²=DEc²/E_o, and therefore the linear translation v=[DEc²/E_o]^½.  Knowing DE and E_o, the observers will therefore agree regarding the velocity v and the spaceship's heading.

Now, the above suggests two kinds of translations—the tensor translation indicated by v² and the linear translation indicated by v.  The linear application is simple.  But the tensor application is tricky.  However, every gravitational system clearly shows an acceleration g and a tensor translation v²=[gt]², which are obvious when a gravitational system's frame of reference is reversed.  Given the evident passage of time t and the gravitational system's acceleration g and its original mass-energy E_o=m_oc², the tensor formulation E=E_o(1‑v²/c²)^‑1 suggests the cosmic mass-energy increase DE=m_o[gt]².

Measurable absolute motions imply that the aether exists.  This indubitable conclusion challenges the foundation of space-time relativity.  Einstein discarded the aether and promoted the idea of the arbitrary transformations of space and time.  But if the aether exists, then the idea of space-time transformations becomes questionable.  The notion of gravitation due to curving space and the interpretations based on the idea of space-time transformations all become questionable.  The idea of the transformations of motions, with space and time deemed absolutes, becomes the imposing suggestion.  This idea is the distinct suggestion of the velocity (motion) transformation equations and of the basic kinematics of the motions only of motions.  This idea suggests the notion of gravitation due to curving motions and the notion of densifications (contractions) and attenuations (expansions) of kinetic configurations (constructs).  This idea propounds interpretations wherein all phenomena are of the essence of motions—e.g., the strings, textures, fields, particles, waves, mass, energy, etc., even the universe of motions.